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Urinary excretion of unchanged azelaic acid was measured after each dose. Following dermal application, 1.29% of the dose was re- covered unchanged in the urine in 24 hours, and a total of 2.2% was recovered by day 3. Following oral administration, 61.2% of the dose was recovered within 4 hours; excretion was complete at this point. Assuming similar rates and pathways in bio-transformation following both routes of exposure, percutaneous absorption of azelaic acid was determined to be 3.6% of the dermally applied dose (40, 41, 42).

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